An age-by-age guide: Key financial questions every woman should ask

Twenty-six percent of the women surveyed for “Women, money, confidence: A lifelong relationship,”¹ a 2022 Bank of America study conducted in partnership with Ipsos, say that they wish they had invested more of their money, and 44% say they wish they had started saving and investing sooner. The study also found that a third of women don’t feel they have the knowledge to be more involved in investing. One potential answer: “Connect with a female financial role model. Just talking about money with family, friends or a trusted resource can be powerful and empowering — and can lead to action,” says Sabbia. “It’s important to just start, even if it’s with a small amount of savings. The longer you wait, the tougher it is to catch up.”

To get the conversation going, you might start an investing book club or money discussion group. Each of these activities would give you and your friends the opportunity to share financial goals and ideas, ask questions and learn from one another.

You can also try creating a stock watch list online. Check the performance of the stocks you’ve selected on a weekly basis. It costs you nothing to do that — and it’s a great way to begin to get a sense of how the stock market works.

Ideally, you should try to save at least 15% of your salary every year. This is particularly sound advice for women, who tend to live longer than men and can be at greater risk of outliving their assets. But the wage gap in the U.S. can make saving difficult. In 2024, women earned 85% of what men earned, according to the Pew Research Center.² If you’re earning less, you’re likely to save less as a result.

Sabbia recommends sharpening your negotiating skills and then asking for a raise if you think you deserve one. “Try to put as much away as you can toward your retirement — you’ll be glad to have the financial resources you need when you reach retirement.”

If 15% isn’t possible, at least see if you can contribute enough to qualify for the full 401(k) match if your employer offers one. Many employers require you to put in from 4% to 6% of your pay to get the maximum match. “It’s like free money,” notes Sabbia, “so do your best to capture it. And then try to increase your savings a little every year — when you get a raise, increase the amount you put away for your future.”

This is a tricky one. It’s certainly appropriate for you and your spouse to have joint accounts and a mortgage in both your names. And a separation of money can trigger feelings that one partner doesn’t trust the other. But generally, it’s smart to keep a bank account and at least one credit card — plus a utility bill — in your own name. That’s on top of retirement accounts, which can only be owned by one person.

The “me, you and us” approach is unique to every couple, says Lindsay Hans, president and co-head of Merrill Wealth Management. You may decide it’s important to preserve access to your own spending money through an account in your name. It’s also advisable to maintain your financial identity so you have a solid credit history if you ever have to transition to a solo financial life. Having at least one credit card in your name can help build that history.

Chances are you can, as long as you and your spouse have planned ahead financially. If you’re thinking of taking a career break, it’s a good idea to sit down with an advisor and discuss the impact that relying on one income instead of two might have on your family’s finances. Keep in mind that during that period, you won’t be saving money for retirement through an employer plan. What you can do, says Hans, is have your spouse contribute to a spousal IRA instead. Staying in touch professionally by attending conferences or consulting part time can help if or when you decide to reenter the workforce, she adds.

“It’s a good idea to work with someone who has experience dealing with the financial issues that concern you — and who can help you articulate your goals and priorities,” says Sabbia. You want someone with whom you can talk openly about your life, not just your money.

A good advisor will understand your whole picture — your caregiving demands, your career, your financial goals (which might be different from your partner’s), your philanthropic interests and your risk tolerance.

Interview a couple of advisors to find one you trust and feel comfortable with. Remember: You’re interviewing them, not the other way around. Print out this list of seven questions to ask an advisor to use as a guide during the interview process.

Although the “Women, money, confidence: A lifelong relationship” study found that saving for retirement tops the list of women’s financial goals, a fifth of women approaching retirement say they do not have a financial plan. The study also found that 32% of all women view financial independence as being able to support their families. That number rises to 39% for women ages 40‒54. While taking care of your family is important, you shouldn’t shortchange your future self. A 2025 survey by Savings.com found that 50% of Americans would be willing to pull money from their savings or retirement plan to help their adult children financially, which could potentially put them at financial risk. Nearly half of financially supportive parents were helping pay for tuition or other school expenses, and 23% were helping pay off student loans.³ Remember, your child can take out loans for college and negotiate their repayment terms after graduation — but no one is going to lend you money to fund your retirement.

Ask your financial advisor — or find an online calculator — to help you estimate how much you need to save for both your own and your children’s goals. Then consider opening a traditional or Roth IRA if you qualify and start a tax-advantaged 529 account as well. Even if you start out gradually, make your savings automatic. Split your raises between your retirement and 529 plans. If you can contribute to only one, make your retirement your priority.

The 529 money can be withdrawn tax-free for qualified education costs, and you may be able to get a state tax deduction for contributions, depending on the state you reside or pay taxes in. “A 529 plan account is state sponsored and offers a range of portfolio options that invest in underlying mutual funds or exchange-traded funds, with the potential for tax-free appreciation over the years,” explains Thomas N. Psaltis, director of Education Savings Programs at Bank of America. For more insights, read about how a 529 education savings plan might affect financial aid eligibility and steps to consider when figuring out if you are saving enough for your dream retirement.

The financial implications of divorce can be significant for women: According to research by the University of Michigan, women experienced drops in family income of 46% to 50% following divorce.⁴ Even if things are just starting to get rocky, it’s a good idea to seek advice from an attorney specializing in matrimonial law.

Legal issues and conventions around divorce vary widely from state to state. Consider talking with a financial advisor, who can help you figure out how much money you’ll need going forward, suggests Hans.

Also, don’t forget about your and your spouse’s retirement accounts. They can play a big role in your future financial security, so be clearheaded about how you divvy them up.

When it comes to caring for sick or elderly family members, women are significantly more likely than men to become caregivers. And this can come with a hefty price tag — an average of $295,000 in lost wages over the years of caring for both children and adults, according to the U.S. Department of Labor.⁵ For some, caregiving can also be a cause of early retirement.

To ensure that you’re able to handle the responsibilities of caregiving without sacrificing your financial security, “talk to your family to lay out a plan and assess your current financial situation, and don’t be afraid to ask your family and a financial advisor for help,” suggests Cynthia Hutchins, director of Financial Gerontology at Bank of America. For more insights, check out our caregiver’s financial guide.

A large number of women are working full-time jobs well into their 60s and even their 70s. In fact, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that more than 23% of women ages 65–74 were part of the labor force in 2024, and that participation rate is projected to surpass 26% by 2034.⁶

“If you enjoy your work and are up to it physically, it can allow you to keep making money, saving in retirement accounts and avoiding pulling out your savings for living costs,” says Hutchins.

Plus, working longer may also allow you to keep getting employer-supplied health insurance — helping you postpone using your savings to cover health costs. A bonus: Studies show that the social and mental engagement of work can be mentally and physically beneficial.

“Because many women are living into their 90s — or beyond — it’s more important than ever to maximize Social Security benefits,” says Sabbia. You can claim reduced benefits as early as age 62. But for each year you wait after your full retirement age (between 66 and 67, depending on when you were born), your monthly benefit increases by 8% until you reach age 70. So, if you can afford to hold off, you probably should.

That said, everyone’s situation is different, and it pays to think through all the options. Each spouse in a couple, for instance, may be able to claim benefits based either on their own work record or on 50% of their spouse’s benefits. “For couples with large differences in earnings, claiming your spousal benefits may be better than claiming your own,” says Sabbia. In cases where both spouses receive benefits, when one partner dies, only the higher of the two benefit amounts continues as a survivor benefit. Start the process by viewing your earnings record and projected benefits at the Social Security website. For more insights, check out our women’s guide to Social Security.

In 2025, a healthy 65-year-old woman can expect to spend up to $38,000 more in healthcare expenses than a male counterpart during retirement, according to Milliman’s Retiree Health Cost Index. That’s because the life expectancy of the man is assumed to be 88 while the woman’s is assumed to be 90.⁷ What’s more, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services estimates that women are likely to require long-term care for an average of 3.7 years, compared with 2.2 years for men.⁸ So having a plan in place to cover your future medical costs is a good idea.

Account for those costs in your overall retirement planning and investment strategy, says Hutchins. “You might also consider opening a health savings account (HSA) if you haven’t already done so for the tax advantages they offer,” she adds. Once you file to begin to receive Medicare, you’ll no longer be able to contribute to an HSA, but the funds invested in the account will continue to have the potential for growth to help you pay for eligible healthcare expenses. For more insights, read about saving for future healthcare costs.

Women are nearly three times more likely to become widowed than men, according to data from the U.S. Census Bureau.⁹ “While it’s difficult to prepare for the emotional impact of losing your spouse, there are steps you can take now as a couple to ensure that you are financially prepared for the next phase of your life,” says Hutchins. “Make sure you both have easy access to all financial accounts and important papers. Create a will, assign power of attorney and confirm the beneficiary designations on your insurance and retirement plans.”

Finally, take heart: Often, following the initial stages of grief, widows experience a period of transformation, finding new purpose and interests — as well as the courage and resourcefulness they may need to move forward.